Nomenclature:
A nomenclature system is useful for naming simple organic molecules. It often fails for more complex molecules, in which case systematic or (better yet) IUPAC nomenclature is preferable.
Normal-Hydrocarbons
The prefix “n-” (or normal) is used when all carbons form a continuous, unbranched (linear) chain. Suppose a functional group (such as alcohol) is present at the chain’s end.
Common name: n-Pentane
IUPAC name: Pentane
Common name: n-Pentanol
IUPAC name: 1-Pentanol
Iso-Hydrocarbons
The prefix “iso” is used when all carbons except one form a continuous chain. This one carbon is part of an isopropyl group at the end of the chain.
Common name: iso-Pentane
IUPAC name: 2-Methylbutane
Common name: iso-pentyl alcohol
IUPAC name: 3-Methyl-1-butanol
Neo-Hydrocarbons
The prefix “neo” is used when all but two carbons form a continuous chain, and these two carbons are part of a terminal tert-butyl group.
Common name: neo-Pentane
IUPAC name: 2, 2-Dimethylpropane
Common name: neo-Pentyl alcohol
IUPAC name: 2, 2-Dimethyl-1-propanol
